@inbook {914,
	title = {Techniques of Virtual Dissection of the Colon Based on Spiral CT Data},
	booktitle = {Image Processing in Radiology},
	year = {2008},
	note = {doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-49830-8_18},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {257 - 268},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	type = {Book chapter},
	address = {Berlin},
	abstract = {<p>Colorectal cancer represents the third most commonly diagnosedcancer and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States (Gazelle et al. 2000). In addition, colorectal cancer is responsible for about 11\% of all new cancer cases per year (Gazelle et al. 2000). Five-year prognosis is about 90\% for patients with localized disease compared to 60\% if there is a regional spread and a drop to 10\% in patients with distant metastasis (Gazelle et al. 2000). In the field of medicine there is a widely accepted opinion that most colorectal cancers arise from pre-existent adenomatous polyps (Johnson 2000). Therefore, different societies, such as the American Cancer Society, have proposed screening for colorectal cancer (Byers et al. 1997; Winawer et al. 1997). Today, different options exist for detection of colorectal cancer, including digital rectal examination, fecal occult blood testing, flexible and rigid sigmoidoscopy, barium enema and its variants, colonoscopy and recently computed tomography or magnetic resonance-based virtual colonography (Gazelle et al. 2000).</p>},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-49830-8_18},
	author = {Erich Sorantin and Emese Balogh and Anna Vilanova Bartroli and K{\'a}lm{\'a}n Pal{\'a}gyi and L{\'a}szl{\'o} G{\'a}bor Ny{\'u}l and Franz Lindbichler and Andrea Ruppert},
	editor = {Emanuele Neri and Davide Caramella and Carlo Bartolozzi}
}
@inbook {909,
	title = {New advances for imaging laryngo / trachealstenosis by post processing of spiral-CT data},
	booktitle = {Digital (r)evolution in radiology},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {297 - 308},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Wien; New York}
}
@inbook {908,
	title = {Techniques in 3D Assessment of Tracheal-Stenosis by the Mean of Spiral Computed Tomography (S-CT) and Their Applications},
	booktitle = {Medical Imaging Systems Technology},
	year = {2005},
	note = {doi: 10.1142/9789812701077_0003},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {61 - 80},
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	organization = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	abstract = {Endotracheal intubation is the most common cause of Laryngo-Tracheal Stenoses (LTS), followed by trauma and prior airway 
surgery.1{\textendash}3 In rare cases LTS may have resulted also from 
inhalation injuries, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, neoplasia 
and autoimmune diseases like Wegeners granulomatosis or 
relapsing polychondritis.1,4 In pediatric patients vascular 
compression of the trachea is a common cause of tracheal 
indentations.5 Clinical management of these conditions requires 
information on localization, grade, length and dynamics of the 
stenosis. Exact LTS information is necessary, since stenoses 
with a length less than 1.0 cm can be treated by an endoscopic 
surgery.6,7 Besides Fiberoptic Endoscopy (FE), which represents 
the gold standard for airway evaluation, imaging modalities like 
conventional radiography, fluoroscopy, tracheal tomograms, 
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and above all Spiral Computed 
Tomography (S-CT) are an essential part of the clinical work.1,8 
S-CT and the recent introduction of multislice imaging allows 
volumetric data acquisition of the Laryngo{\textendash}Tracheal Tract (LTT) 
during a short time span. Decreased motion artifacts and 
increased spatial resolution form the basis for high quality 
post processing.9,10 The improved performance of today{\textquoteright}s 
workstations permits the use of sophisticated post processing 
algorithms even on standard hardware like personal computers. 
Thus real time 3D display and virtual endoscopic views (virtual 
endoscopy) are just one mouse click away. Other algorithms 
compute the medial axis of tubular structures like airways or 
vessels in 3D, which can be used for the calculation of 3D cross 
sectional profiles for better demonstration of caliber 
changes.11 Thus display of S-CT axial source images is moving 
rapidly to 3D display. Moreover, established network connections 
within and between institutions allows telemedical cooperation. 
Web technologies offer an easy to use way for information 
exchange. The objective of this paper is to present an overview 
on 3D display and quantification of LTS as well as to provide 
information how these results can be presented and shared with 
the referring physicians on the hospitals computer network. This 
article is structured in seven parts; namely: S-CT data 
acquisition for LTS imaging; selected 3D image post processing 
algorithms; 3D display; Virtual endoscopy; Objective LTS degree 
and length estimation using LTT 3D {\textemdash} cross-sectional profiles; 
Intranet applications; and a conclusion is drawn in the final 
section.
}
}
@article {895,
	title = {3D cross section of the laryngotracheal tract. A new method for visualization and quantification of tracheal stenoses},
	journal = {RADIOLOGE},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2003},
	note = {UT: 000188058500005ScopusID: 9144241258doi: 10.1007/s00117-003-0990-8},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {1056 - 1068},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: Demonstration of a technique for 3D assessment oftracheal stenoses, regarding site, length and degree, based on 
spiral computed tomography (S-CT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: S-CT 
scanning and automated segmentation of the laryngo-tracheal 
tract (LTT) was followed by the extraction of the LTT medial 
axis using a skeletonisation algorithm. Orthogonal to the medial 
axis the LTT 3D cross sectional profile was computed and 
presented as line charts, where degree and length were obtained. 
Values for both parameters were compared between 36 patients and 
18 normal controls separately. Accuracy and precision was 
derived from 17 phantom studies. RESULTS: Average degree and 
length of tracheal stenoses were found to be 60.5\% and 4.32 cm 
in patients compared to minor caliber changes of 8.8\% and 2.31 
cm in normal controls (p <0.005). For the phantoms an excellent 
correlation between the true and computed 3D cross sectional 
profile was found (p <0.005) and an accuracy for length and 
degree measurements of 2.14 mm and 2.53\% respectively could be 
determined. The corresponding figures for the precision were 
found to be 0.92 mm and 2.56\%. CONCLUSION: LTT 3D cross 
sectional profiles permit objective, accurate and precise 
assessment of LTT caliber changes. Minor LTT caliber changes can 
be observed even in normals and, in case of an otherwise normal 
S-CT study, can be regarded as artefacts.
},
	isbn = {0033-832X}
}
@article {998,
	title = {3D cross section of the laryngotracheal tract. A new method for visualization and quantification of tracheal stenoses},
	journal = {RADIOLOGE},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2003},
	note = {UT: 000188058500005ScopusID: 9144241258doi: 10.1007/s00117-003-0990-8},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {1056 - 1068},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: Demonstration of a technique for 3D assessment oftracheal stenoses, regarding site, length and degree, based on 
spiral computed tomography (S-CT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: S-CT 
scanning and automated segmentation of the laryngo-tracheal 
tract (LTT) was followed by the extraction of the LTT medial 
axis using a skeletonisation algorithm. Orthogonal to the medial 
axis the LTT 3D cross sectional profile was computed and 
presented as line charts, where degree and length were obtained. 
Values for both parameters were compared between 36 patients and 
18 normal controls separately. Accuracy and precision was 
derived from 17 phantom studies. RESULTS: Average degree and 
length of tracheal stenoses were found to be 60.5\% and 4.32 cm 
in patients compared to minor caliber changes of 8.8\% and 2.31 
cm in normal controls (p <0.005). For the phantoms an excellent 
correlation between the true and computed 3D cross sectional 
profile was found (p <0.005) and an accuracy for length and 
degree measurements of 2.14 mm and 2.53\% respectively could be 
determined. The corresponding figures for the precision were 
found to be 0.92 mm and 2.56\%. CONCLUSION: LTT 3D cross 
sectional profiles permit objective, accurate and precise 
assessment of LTT caliber changes. Minor LTT caliber changes can 
be observed even in normals and, in case of an otherwise normal 
S-CT study, can be regarded as artefacts.
},
	isbn = {0033-832X}
}
@article {896,
	title = {Spiral-CT-based assessment of tracheal stenoses using 3-D-skeletonization},
	journal = {IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2002},
	note = {UT: 000175063900007ScopusID: 0036489382doi: 10.1109/42.996344},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {263 - 273},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: Demonstration of a technique for three-dimensional (3-D) assessment of tracheal-stenoses, regarding site, length and 
degree, based on spiral computed tomography (S-CT). PATIENTS AND 
METHODS: S-CT scanning and automated segmentation of the 
laryngo-tracheal tract (LTT) was followed by the extraction of 
the LTT medial axis using a skeletonization algorithm. 
Orthogonal to the medial axis the LTT 3-D cross-sectional 
profile was computed and presented as line charts, where degree 
and length was obtained. Values for both parameters were 
compared between 36 patients and 18 normal controls separately. 
Accuracy and precision was derived from 17 phantom studies. 
RESULTS: Average degree and length of tracheal stenoses was 
found to be 60.5\% and 4.32 cm in patients compared with minor 
caliber changes of 8.8\% and 2.31 cm in normal controls (p << 
0.0001). For the phantoms an excellent correlation between the 
true and computed 3-D cross-sectional profile was found (p << 
0.005) and an accuracy for length and degree measurements of 
2.14 mm and 2.53\% respectively could be determined. The 
corresponding figures for the precision were found to be 0.92 mm 
and 2.56\%. CONCLUSION: LTT 3-D cross-sectional profiles permit 
objective, accurate and precise assessment of LTT caliber 
changes. Minor LTT caliber changes can be observed even in 
normals and, in case of an otherwise normal S-CT study, can be 
regarded as artifacts.
},
	isbn = {0278-0062}
}
